Turkey and UK Relations

Turkey and UK Relations Introduction: The relationship between Turkey and United Kingdom is well-rounded and covers economic, politic, military and social aspects. In this paper, the relationship between Turkey and United Kingdom was divided as four section. These sections are information about United Kingdom, historical background of relationship, conflicts and cooperation between Turkey and United Kingdom. Nowadays, the relationship between United Kingdom and Turkey is seen in a golden age after the intensive mutual high-level visits and the Strategic Partnership Document in 2010.[1] The argument of this paper is even if there were some conflicts and historical grievances between UK and Turkey, the current relationship has a stringent links with the trade relations and alliances. Information About United Kingdom: As an European country United Kingdom has some differences from Continental Europe such as geographical and political. This differences have significant effect to determine the position of United Kingdom about the European Union membership of Turkey. United Kingdom as an island state do not have territorial neighbors and land borders so UK has an abstraction and isolation from Continental Europe. As political, United Kingdom has a constitutional monarchy unlike Europe. This system includes items from democracy, aristocracy and monarchy. While Queen who has a symbolic effect in policy of United Kingdom, symbolizes monarch items, on the other side elections, juristic system, political parties and House of Commons exhibit the democratic structure of United Kingdom. Besides, House of Lords shows the aristocratic items of United Kingdom. In the foreign policies of United Kingdom, USA has a significant role. According to Winston Churchill, United States of America should be preferential in the spheres of interest of United Kingdom. Therefore, generally foreign policies of UK are coordinated with USA. For instance, United States of America and United Kingdom had common operations such as Iraq War in 2003.In this regard, Turkey had and still have some common policies with United Kingdom. For example USA, Turkey and UK are the same side about the support to Syrian opposition. To understand the effect of United Kingdom in the foreign policy of Turkey, we should know the historical background of the relationship between UK and Turkey. Historical Background: The diplomatic relationship between Turkey and UK has started in sixteen century to against Spain as the common enemy . The first ambassador of United Kingdom in Ottoman Empire was William Harborne in 1583.[2] Ottoman Empire has established its first permanent embassy in UK in 18.century and Yusuf Agà ¢h Efendi as the first ambassador of Ottoman Empire in London, started his mission in 1793.[3] This diplomatic relations with United Kingdom was used by Ottoman Empire as a balance policy against Russia. Ottoman Empire was able to win Crimean War in 1853 against Russia with the assistance and alliance of United Kingdom. Moreover, Napoleons attack to Egypt was stopped by Ottoman Empire with the assistance of navy of United Kingdom. The balance policy of Ottoman Empire has availed until 19.century and UK has tried to protect Ottoman Empires territorial integrity against Russia until1878.After 1877-1878 War( 93 Warfare), UK changed its policy about protect the Ottoman Empires territorial integrity and tried to establish buffer zones against Russia.[4] Apart from alliances, United Kingdom and Ottoman Empire have been at war in World War One. In First World War, United Kingdom and Ottoman Empire have fought in Gallipoli Campaign and Middle East Campaigns. After the war and the defeat of Ottoman Empire, Ä °stanbul was occupied by United Kingdom and UK established mandates in Iraq and Palestine which was a part of Ottoman Empire. During the National Struggle Period, there was no a hot conflicts with United Kingdom. After the establishment of Republic of Turkey, political conflicts with UK has started about the Mosul issue. CONFLICTS: Despite there is no a current and serious conflict between UK and Turkey now, Mosul and Cyprus Dispute were important events and conflicts between Turkey and UK. After National Struggle , UK as a mandatory of Iraq had tension with Turkey towards on Mosul Issue. On the one hand, Turkey argued that Mosul is in National Pact , on the other hands United Kingdom believed that Mosul is significant and necessary for the dependence of Iraq because of the strategic location and oilfields of Mosul.[5] After the Lausanne Peace Treaty, Turkey and United Kingdom were not able to solve issue so UK applied to League of Nations. League of Nations has prepared a report which gave the region to Iraq and Turkey refused this decision and sides have applied to International Court of Justice.[6] The Courts gave decision that League of Nation decision is binding for two sides.[7] At the end, Turkey and United Kingdom has agreed about the Mosul and Turkey has accepted the decisions of League of Nations, on condition that Turkey will take the %25 of petrol income of Mosul over 25 years.[8]Hereby, sides were able to solve the conflict with peaceful methods, Mosul became a part of Iraq and UK and Turkey signed Ankara Treaty. As an another conflicts between UK and Turkey, Cyprus Issue has started with Enosis idea of Greek Cypriots. United Kingdom took part in this issue because when World War One started, United Kingdom annexed Cyprus in 1914 and UK has used the island a military based until the end of Second World War. After the decolonization, Republic of Cyprus was established under the Turkey, UK and Greeces guarantor in 1959. During the tension between Greeks and Turks in island, UK was against the military intervention of Turkey because of the British citizens who were living in island and also the cooperation with the Greeks was necessary for United Kingdom to continuity military bases of UK.[9]After the Cyprus intervention of Turkey, Turkish Cypriots declared the independent Turki sh Republic of Northern Cyprus. The United Kingdom does not recognize the TRNC which is only recognized by Turkey. The UK is a signatory state of the Treaty of Guarantee which concerning the independence and status of Cyprus. In terms of United Kingdom, there is more possibility about the solving Cyprus issue. United Kingdom hopes some alternative approaches can be developed which is more likely than previous efforts to built a peaceful settlement .In this regard, revenues from Cyprus possible gas reserves is seen an significant instrument to expedite for solving the issue peacefully.[10] In addition, 14 negotiation chapters of Turkey can not open because of the Cyprus issue so United Kingdom believes that the solution of this issue with gas reserving, causes a serious development about the Turkeys membership to European Union.[11] Despite all of this historical grievances, nowadays relations shape with the cooperation which have good trade relations and alliances between UK and Tur key. COOPERATIONS: Turkey had and still have some regional alliances such as CENTO and NATO.After the Second World War, the bipolar world system emerged and USA prepare some regional organizations such as NATO, CENTO and SEATO. CENTOS Original name was Middle East Treaty Organization. It was formed by United Kingdom, Iraq, Pakistan, Iran and Turkey in 1955. Its aim was to contain the Soviet Union and prevent Soviet expansion into the Middle East. The Iran Islam Revolution caused the end of the organization , however when Turkey invaded Cyprus it had already been finished in reality. As another regional organization NATO was formed to contain Soviet Union in the same way with CEATO too. This international military alliance system aims an common defence when a states attacks to a member state of NATO. Before Turkey became the member of NATO in 1952, United Kingdom had been a founding member of NATO. As military alliance, Turkey and United Kingdom meet some military practices such as Exercise Joint Warrio r .[12]Turkey and UK have various bilateral trade agreements such as the â€Å"2010 Strategic Partnership Document†, which was signed during Prime Minister Cameron’s visit to Turkey in July 2010, creates a road map to strengthen the strategic partnership. As a member of European Union, United Kingdom had significant trade relations which comes from the empire on which the sun never sets.After the decolonization period and the nationalization of the Suez Canal , United Kingdom started to lose its commercial advantage and headed to European Union.[13] When we look at the role of UK about European Union membership of Turkey, UK is one the big supporter of Turkey about membership of European Union. Rather than Germany and France, UK is not interested socio-cultural reasons and Turkey as a big developing economy is seen suitable and useful for EU by UK. Prime Minister of United Kingdom Tony Blair was one of the main supporter of Turkish membership to EU and likewise Blairâ €™s successor Gordon Brown argues the membership. This policy of United Kingdom is an evidence of the harmony with US and also United Kingdom prefers to wide European Union rather than to deep it.[14] With the occlusion of Turkeys membership about EU, idea of UK-style membership was created.[15] According to this membership, Turkey can be member like United Kingdom which does not include some parts of EU such as Euro and Schengen policy. As a thesis, this idea is seen that it can become possible membership of Turkey. Another area of cooperation is trade which have an significant effect between United Kingdom and Turkey.Turkey as an important trade partner of UK, Turkey-UK bilateral trade volume was 13,9 billion dollar in 2011. [16]Turkey has a trade surplus in trade with United Kingdom which is a developed country. There are 2.362 companies which have capital operating of United Kingdom in Turkey and UK’s direct investments have reached 917 million dollar in Turkey in 201 1 .[17] Last year, the export of Turkey to UK increased by 8 percent and become 8 billion 584 million 178 thousand dollar.[18] Thus, UK become the third partner in export list of Turkey after Germany and Iraq. Over the last year, Turkish firms exported to UK a lot of product. According to Exporters Assembly, clothing and apparel products have the biggest part of export to UK. In this sector, 12.48 percent of these products are gone to UK.[19] As leading export products of Turkey, textiles and raw materials export amount to UK are 321 million 167 thousand.[20] Beko, Yà ¼nSA, Vitra, Vestel, BMC, Desa Deri and Çimstone are Turkish firms which export to UK. [21]The top 5 imports categories from UK were: metalliferous ores and metal scrap, power generating machinery and equipment, road vehicles, medicinal and pharmaceutical products, iron and steel.[22] Vodafone, HSBC, TESCO, Marks Spencer and Harvey Nichols are important British firms which invest in Turkey.[23] Sometimes, trade b arriers emerged in the trade relations between Turkey and United Kingdom. As a member state of European Union, United Kingdom has some health, safety, environmental protection regulations which causes some difficulties to importation of Turkey to UK.[24] Despite these regulations, United Kingdom is one of flexible member of European Union about this issue. Another problem in trade relations between Turkey and United Kingdom is visa issue. Sometimes, Turkish businessmen have difficulties to getting visa.[25]There are also some events that harm the relations between United Kingdom and Turkey. The deficiency of Turkish law system and human right violations cause a negative international reputation for Turkey.[26] This kind of insufficiencies complicate to defend and support Turkey on the road of European Union membership in terms of United Kingdom.[27] In addition, the restriction of free expression and unfettered media in Turkey harms to relations and strategic partnership between Uni ted Kingdom and Turkey.[28]When we look at the social area ,there are 250 thousand Turkish citizens who is living in the UK and more than 2.5 million British tourists visited Turkey in 2011.[29] Moreover, 34.460 British citizens have 26.730 properties in Turkey.[30] Conclusion: Turkey and United Kingdom have good relations which comes from historical background. United Kingdom was an important figure as a balance policy in the foreign policy of Ottoman Empire. Even if there were some historical grievances, wars and conflicts in the history of Turkey-United Kingdom relationship, current relationship has a stringent links with the trade relations and alliances. With the good trade relations, support about the European membership and Strategic Partnership , the relationship between United Kingdom and Turkey is in golden age. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Asst. Prof. Dr Bahar Hurmi,European Union Lecture Notes, AtÄ ±lÄ ±m University, 2013 Doà § Dr Ulvi Keser, Armenia Issue Lecture Notes, AtÄ ±lÄ ±m University, 2012 European Union Center of North Carolina EU Briefings, Turkeys Quest for EU Membership ,March 2008 Ä °ngiltere Tà ¼rkiye’nin ÃÅ"à §Ãƒ ¼ncà ¼ Ä °hracat OrtaÄÅ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±,Retrieved, http://www.londragazete.com/?p=6344 House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, UK–Turkey Relations and Turkeys Regional Role, March 2012, T.C Ekonomi BakanlÄ ±Ãƒâ€žÃ… ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±, Ä °ngiltere, 2013 T.C Londra Bà ¼yà ¼kelà §iliÄÅ ¸i Ticaret Mà ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸avirliÄÅ ¸i, Tà ¼rkiye Ä °ngiltere Ticari Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri Tà ¼rkiye-Ä °ngiltere Siyasi Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri ,Retrieved May 16, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ingiltere-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa William Hale, Tà ¼rk DÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸ PolitikasÄ ±, Arkeoloji ve Sanat YayÄ ±nlarÄ ±, Mart 2003 Joint Warrior TatbikatÄ ±, Atlas Okyanusu’nda baÃ…Å ¸ladÄ ±, Retrieved May 16, http://www.denizhaber.com.tr/dzkk-sgk/54668/joint-warrior-tatbikati-atlas-okyanusunda-basladi.html Sezgin Mercan, Tà ¼rkiye-AB Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kilerine Ä °ngiltere Modeli, February 2013 11 Ã…Å ¾ubat Ä °ngiltere BasÄ ±n Ãâ€"zeti ,RetrievedMay16, http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/basinozeti/2014/02/140211_basin_ozeti.shtml 1 [1] Tà ¼rkiye-Ä °ngiltere Siyasi Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri ,Retrieved May 16, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ingiltere-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa [2] Tà ¼rkiye-Ä °ngiltere Siyasi Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri ,Retrieved May 16, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ingiltere-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa [3] Tà ¼rkiye-Ä °ngiltere Siyasi Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri ,Retrieved May 16, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ingiltere-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa [4]Doà § Dr Ulvi Keser, Armenia Issue Lecture Notes, AtÄ ±lÄ ±m University, 2012 [5]William Hale, Tà ¼rk DÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸ PolitikasÄ ±, Arkeoloji ve Sanat YayÄ ±nlarÄ ±, Mart 2003, p 51 [6] William Hale, Tà ¼rk DÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸ PolitikasÄ ±, Arkeoloji ve Sanat YayÄ ±nlarÄ ±, Mart 2003, p 51-52 [7] William Hale, Tà ¼rk DÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸ PolitikasÄ ±, Arkeoloji ve Sanat YayÄ ±nlarÄ ±, Mart 2003, p 52 [8] William Hale, Tà ¼rk DÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸ PolitikasÄ ±, Arkeoloji ve Sanat YayÄ ±nlarÄ ±, Mart 2003, p 52 [9] William Hale, Tà ¼rk DÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸ PolitikasÄ ±, Arkeoloji ve Sanat YayÄ ±nlarÄ ±, Mart 2003, p 161 [10] House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, UK–Turkey Relations and Turkeys Regional Role, March 2012, p 11 [11]11 Ã…Å ¾ubat Ä °ngiltere BasÄ ±n Ãâ€"zeti ,RetrievedMay16, http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/basinozeti/2014/02/140211_basin_ozeti.shtml [12] Joint Warrior TatbikatÄ ±, Atlas Okyanusu’nda baÃ…Å ¸ladÄ ±, Retrieved May 16, http://www.denizhaber.com.tr/dzkk-sgk/54668/joint-warrior-tatbikati-atlas-okyanusunda-basladi.html [13] Asst. Prof. Dr Bahar Hurmi,European Union Lecture Notes, AtÄ ±lÄ ±m University, 2013 [14] European Union Center of North Carolina EU Briefings, Turkeys Quest for EU Membership ,March 2008, p 6 [15] Sezgin Mercan, Tà ¼rkiye-AB Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kilerine Ä °ngiltere Modeli, February 2013 [16] Tà ¼rkiye-Ä °ngiltere Siyasi Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri ,Retrieved May 16, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ingiltere-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa [17] Tà ¼rkiye-Ä °ngiltere Siyasi Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri ,Retrieved May 16, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ingiltere-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa [18] Ä °ngiltere Tà ¼rkiye’nin ÃÅ"à §Ãƒ ¼ncà ¼ Ä °hracat OrtaÄÅ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±,Retrieved, http://www.londragazete.com/?p=6344 [19] Ä °ngiltere Tà ¼rkiye’nin ÃÅ"à §Ãƒ ¼ncà ¼ Ä °hracat OrtaÄÅ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±,Retrieved, http://www.londragazete.com/?p=6344 [20] Ä °ngiltere Tà ¼rkiye’nin ÃÅ"à §Ãƒ ¼ncà ¼ Ä °hracat OrtaÄÅ ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±,Retrieved, http://www.londragazete.com/?p=6344 [21] T.C Londra Bà ¼yà ¼kelà §iliÄÅ ¸i Ticaret Mà ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸avirliÄÅ ¸i, Tà ¼rkiye Ä °ngiltere Ticari Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri, p 3 [22] T.C Ekonomi BakanlÄ ±Ãƒâ€žÃ… ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±, Ä °ngiltere, 2013, p 4 [23] T.C Londra Bà ¼yà ¼kelà §iliÄÅ ¸i Ticaret Mà ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸avirliÄÅ ¸i, Tà ¼rkiye Ä °ngiltere Ticari Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri, p 3 [24] T.C Londra Bà ¼yà ¼kelà §iliÄÅ ¸i Ticaret Mà ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸avirliÄÅ ¸i, Tà ¼rkiye Ä °ngiltere Ticari Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri, p 9 [25] T.C Londra Bà ¼yà ¼kelà §iliÄÅ ¸i Ticaret Mà ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸avirliÄÅ ¸i, Tà ¼rkiye Ä °ngiltere Ticari Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri, p 9 [26] House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, UK–Turkey Relations and Turkeys Regional Role, March 2012, p 3 [27] House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, UK–Turkey Relations and Turkeys Regional Role, March 2012, p 3 [28] House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, UK–Turkey Relations and Turkeys Regional Role, March 2012, p 3 [29] Tà ¼rkiye-Ä °ngiltere Siyasi Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri ,Retrieved May 16, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ingiltere-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa [30] Tà ¼rkiye-Ä °ngiltere Siyasi Ä °liÃ…Å ¸kileri ,Retrieved May 16, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-ingiltere-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa

The World Within :: essays research papers fc

The World Within   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What can be done with medicine today is truly astounding. In just a little over a century, we have gone from crude, anaesthetized surgery with non-sterilized instruments to the ability to delicately rebuild a hand or bypass a major artery with little risk to the patient and without even leaving a large scar. These great heights to which we have ascended are based upon a number of breakthroughs in sanitation and sterilization, antibiotics, and any number of other small discoveries that make possible today’s operating room – but by far the most powerful and groundbreaking advances have been made in the field of human imaging.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For over sixteen hundred years, the edicts and guidelines of the Catholic Church forbade the exploration of the human body. This sad state of affairs effectively limited our knowledge of the body to studies performed upon stolen cadavers and the rather inaccurate classical-era studies of Galen. Even when the ban upon anatomical study was lifted, by the end of the nineteenth century we had still progressed no further than an understanding of the basic anatomy as observed by dissection. Then, in the last five years of the nineteenth century, two important discoveries ushered in a new era in medicine: Roentgen’s discovery of x-rays in 1895 and Bequerel’s discovery of â€Å"Uranium rays† – nuclear radiation – in 1896. These forms of electromagnetic radiation, and their derivatives, form the basis of today’s most prevalent and important imaging technology – X-rays, Computed Tomography (CT), and nuclear medicine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At its most basic level, x-ray technology works by using a high-voltage current to generate a burst of x-rays (high-frequency electromagnetic radiation), which are then focused and directed through the human body. Certain materials, such as bone and cartilage, absorb more of the radiation than other tissues, which creates a â€Å"shadow† in the x-ray beam that is recorded on a special cassette containing photographic film, situated on the other side of the patient. Upon development of the film, the image of the bone structure (and some other tissue) can be studied to diagnose any apparent pathologies (Wolbarst 33). Today, this technology is wildly popular – almost everyone has had at least one x-ray during his life. However, the two-dimensional nature of an x-ray does create some limitations in its usefulness – but a further development of this technology has eliminated these.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computerized Tomography, invented in 1963, is essentially a development of x-ray technology that allows a physician to observe highly detailed â€Å"slices† of the human body, and today is â€Å"highly reliable, non-invasive, painless, quick, and available on an urgent, 24 hour-a-day basis at most hospitals (Kelly 50).

Politics and Bioethics Essay

The traditional roles of the physician are to stave off death and to comfort the dying. The sick and the injured assume that a doctor will be able to prolong their lives by curing them of their disease. The dying, on the other hand, believes that a doctor will allow them to die peacefully and with dignity by relieving them of their suffering. In the process, the physician is transformed into a caretaker and protector of life. But what if physicians are required to use their medical skills to eliminate parties that are considered as threats to a society or a nation? Doctors who are involved in capital punishment and or the torture of prisoners often claim that they follow a distinct set of obligations (Beauchamp and Childress 316). They are expected to place the interests of a community or a nation above both their own and the detainees’ benefit. As a result, they have to treat prisoners differently from their other patients. Physician participation in the death penalty is not a historical novelty. The inventor of the guillotine was a kindly doctor who wanted to make executions more humane (Gershman 23). In Herman Melville’s novella Billy Budd (1924), a physician ensured that the hanging of the main character was â€Å"scientifically conducted† (Melville 293). Before Gary Gilmore was put to death, a doctor pinned a white circle over his heart as a target for the firing squad (Annas 69). The adoption of the lethal injection as a methodology of executing criminals further increased the involvement of physicians in capital punishment. Apart from supervising the execution, a doctor is likewise tasked with preparing the prisoner for execution, pronouncing death and determining which individuals should be excluded from the death penalty (Annas 69-70). In 2002, the United States Supreme Court included the diagnosis of mental retardation as a ground for prohibiting execution. The physician, meanwhile, selects the detainees that would be spared from execution by subjecting them to a medical test that would establish â€Å"their (ability) to understand (capital punishment)† and why is it being imposed† (Annas 70). Advocates of physician involvement in the death penalty often argue that the goals of medicine can be reconciled with those of capital punishment. The primary objective of the death penalty is to deter crime by executing those who have been proven guilty of heinous wrongdoings. The main purpose of medicine, on the other hand, is to alleviate suffering. In the context of medical participation in capital punishment, these goals are both met – society is rid of a criminal in a civilized and painless manner. In some cases, criminals that have been proven to be mentally ill are freed. But facts prove otherwise. Forensic psychology is an entirely different discipline from clinical psychology. The latter is obligated by the Hippocratic tradition to give primacy to the needs of the patient (British Medical Association 105). The former, in sharp contrast, is bound to the objective truth – regardless of what a forensic psychologist may find on the prisoner whom he or she is studying. This difficult intersection between medicine and the law would definitely affect the processes of establishing guilt or innocence and resolving disputes (British Medical Association 106). The medical profession is also tainted with a long history of physician involvement in the torture of prisoners. The Nuremberg trials revealed shocking atrocities committed by Nazi doctors and biomedical scientists during the Holocaust. Under their direct supervision, countless psychiatric patients and senile elderly persons were killed. Furthermore, they subjected unconsenting concentration camp inmates to cruel and sometimes lethal experiments (Caplan 78). It was first revealed in 2002 that doctors and other personnel were force-feeding and using truth serum on detainees in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. In 2003, medical personnel at Abu Ghraib treated torture victims and recorded the evidence, but failed to report these incidents. The International Committee of the Red Cross then reported in 2004 that the usage physical and psychological torture on prisoners were rampant in Guantanamo. Furthermore, a group of psychologists, known as the Behavioral Science Consultation Team (BSCT or â€Å"Biscuit†), advised the interrogators (Rejali 401). Why would doctors – people who are supposed to protect life – participate in torture? It must be noted that the Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib doctors were working in prisons that held individuals that were believed to be terrorists. Thus, these physicians were expected to actively participate in the â€Å"War on Terror† by keeping tortured prisoners alive until American soldiers manage to extract valuable intelligence information from them. Simply put, the duty of the Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib doctors to the detainees under their care was to treat them not out of adherence to the Hippocratic Oath but that of the desire to help defeat the enemies of the US. But it is never acceptable for military physicians to participate in torture. Article 1 of the Regulations in Time of Armed Conflict (likewise known as the Havana Declaration) maintains that there is no difference between medical ethics in times of armed conflict and medical ethics in times of peace. Article 2, meanwhile, makes clear that the primary task of the physician is to preserve health and save life, therefore prohibiting him or her from: a. Giving advice or performing prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic procedures that are not justifiable in the patient’s interests; b. Weakening the physical or mental strength of a human being without therapeutic justification; and c. Employing scientific knowledge which would imperil health or destroy life (Singer and Viens 354). Because the primary task of doctors is to preserve health and save life, they are morally required to report incidents of torture or mistreatment of prisoners. According to Principle 5 of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT): Doctors have a duty to monitor and speak out when services in which they are involved are unethical, abusive and inadequate or pose a potential threat to patients’ health. In such cases, they have an ethical duty to take prompt action as failure to take an immediate stand makes protest at a later stage more difficult. They should report the matter to appropriate authorities or international agencies who can investigate but without exposing patients, their families or themselves to foreseeable serious risk of harm. (354) Reporting cases of torture and ill-treatment is part of the physician’s sworn duty to preserve health and save life. If he or she suspects or witness the abuse of detainees, he or she should immediately report his or her findings to the judiciary and any other investigative body (Action for Torture Survivors, CPT, Amnesty International, etc. ). A failure to do so is usually synonymous to â€Å"omission,† an offense which is actionable in criminal and civil law. But the doctor is not obliged to immediately report cases of torture if doing so would imperil his or her life. In this case, it is necessary for him or her to wait until the threat to his or her security has passed and or there are already relevant third parties to whom she could disclose his or her findings (Singer and Viens 354). The end of medicine is not limited to the treatment of the sick and the injured. It should likewise concern itself with the health of the mind, spirit and the community as a whole. There are certain societal conditions that result in the physical, mental and spiritual degradation of a given populace. The torture of prisoners is a good example of these societal problems – victims of torture are not only physically injured but are also stripped of their dignity as human beings. Being a doctor, therefore, means not only preserving health and saving life but likewise going against a status quo that would hinder him or her from fulfilling these duties. Human health, after all, is more than just the absence of disease. It also means living in a society that is conducive to physical, mental, social and spiritual wellbeing. But how can people attain this objective if they live in a community that is hostile to it? Works Cited Annas, George J. American Bioethics: Crossing Human Rights and Health Law Boundaries. New York, New York: Oxford University Press US, 2005. Beauchamp, Tom L. , and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. New York, New York: Oxford University Press US, 2001. British Medical Association. Medicine Betrayed: The Participation of Doctors in Human Rights Abuses. 2nd ed. London: Zed Books, Ltd. , 1992. Caplan, Arthur L. When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust. New York, New York: Oxford University Press US, 1992. Gershman, Gary P. Death Penalty on Trial: A Handbook with Cases, Laws, and Documents. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Melville, Herman. Billy Budd and Other Stories. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1998. Rejali, Darius M. Torture and Democracy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007. Singer, Peter A. , and Adrian M. Viens. The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Essay Joseph Stalin - 3070 Words

Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin was one of the biggest mass murderers of the twentieth century. From the purges in the Red Army to forced relocations, Stalin had the blood of millions on his hands. This essay is not going to debate the fact that this was indeed a brutal and power hungry individual, because he was indeed just that. I will on the other hand show you that through his way of governing the Soviet Union, he actually saved mother Russia from the German invasion in World War Two through his cunning and ruthlessness. Joseph Stalin was a very industrious person and used every means possible to better prepare his country for the coming war that he believed was inevitable. Wether it was diplomatic plotting, economic maneuvering, or†¦show more content†¦E. Zinoviev and L. B. Kamenev. From this point on Stalin simply concentrated more and more power into his own hands. In 1925 Stalin made a turn to the right, got rid of his two companions and established a coalition with moderate leaders Burkharin, Rykov, and Tomsky, which lasted until 1928, when collectivization of agriculture and the forced industrialization came about. Stalin now followed a simple pattern, he simply systematically replaced all those who were not his absolute followers. By 1930 his rule was absolute. Stalin was now free to go ahead and pursue his plans to industrialize and arm the Soviet Union. The only other obstacle in his path was the army leadership. Stalin viewed the army as a threat to his power and took steps to remove that threat. He organized all of his followers to delve into the lives of the military leadership and find out if they were traitors. Many of Stalins followers used this as a way of getting back at old rivals and enemies. All kinds of false evidence was manufactured. Stalin took all of this at face value and a great number of the army leadership was either killed or exiled. There were also several show trials put on to demonstrate to the Soviet people that all of the killing was being done for a reason and that there really were conspirators and spies among them. Several accused openly confessed to active membe rship of a plot to murder the Soviet leadership. With the Army purges done, StalinShow MoreRelatedJoseph Stalin Genocide1421 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Stalin’s Genocide: 50 Million Deaths From 1919 to 1953 when Stalin died about 50 million lives were taken in the Gulags of Russia (â€Å"Videofact†). In total there were 53 Gulags and 423 labor camps (â€Å"Gulag†).   Stalin was considered one of the most feared dictators because of his secret police and the Gulags. During a series of interviews in 1996, a Soviet veteran who lived in Minsk claimed to have seen a U.S. POW in May or June 1953. 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